Proceedings The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research (1995)
Kyoto, May 23, 1995

NO	Theme	Reporter	Position	P
1	Marine Organisms and Fat Soluble Nutrients	Akio Kanazawa	Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University	1-
2	Carotenoids and Immunity	Yoshifumi Tomita	Department of Agriculture, Miyazaki University	9-
3	Nutrition and Micronutrition: Human Risk Factors or Cancer Prevention	Haim Tapiero	Universtite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie	15-
4	Effect of Dietary Bone Powders on Calcium Metabolism in Rats	Jiro Ito, Kinya Ashida, Tohru Matsui and Hideo Yano	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University	27-
5	Calcium and Manganese Concentrations in Different Tissues of Clinically Vitamin A Deficient Rats	Ahmed S. Raman, Mieko Kimura, Katsuhiko Yokoi and Yoshinori Itokawa	Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Division of Social and Preventive Medicine, Environmental Medicine	33-
6	Effects of Source of Dietary Proteins and Exercise on Body Composition and Bone Metabolism in Rats on High-Protein Diets	Toyoko Okuda, Akiko Matsuo, Hanae Yamazaki and Yohko Sugawa-Katayama	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University	39-
7	Hematological Response of Anemic Rats to Hemosiderin and ferrous sulfate	Ratchanee Kongkachuichai and Kyoden Yasumoto	Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University	45-
8	Effect of Hemoglobin and Iron on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RBC Damege Induced by Ozone Exposure	Kenji Fukunaga, Tetsuya Suzuki and Kozo Takama	Department of Marine Bioresources, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University	51-
9	Lipid Peroxidation and sex-dependent Differences in Iron-deficient Rats	Mariko Uehara, Satoru Tateishi, Hideki Mogi, Kazuharu Suzuki and Shiro Goto	Department if Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of agriculture	57-
10	Effect of Algae as a Feed Additive on Growth Performance in Red Sea Bream, Pagrus Major	Md. Ghulam Mustafa, Shigeru Wakamatsu, Takaaki Takeda, Tetsuya Umino and Heisuke Nakagawa	Faculty of applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University	67-
11	Cholesterol Oxides in Japanese Traditional Marine Products and Their Cytotoxicity	Kimiko Ohtani(1), Kaoru Miyabara(1), Masaharu Kamei(2), Isao Yuasa(1)	(1) Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University (2) Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science	73-
12	Cytotoxicity of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Products	Toshikazu Kaise(1), Takafumi Ochi(2), Yukiko Oya-Ota(3) and Kenichi Hanaoka(4)	(1) School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science (2) Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University (3) Kanagawa Prefectural Collage of Nursing and Medical Technology (4) Shimonoseki University of Fisheries	77-
13	Zinc Kinetics Study in Female Endurance Runner	Soroku Nishiyama(1), Takeaki Inomoto(2), Toshiro Nakamura(1), Yoshio Sawada(2), Ichiro Matsuda(1)	(1) Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, Medical School (2) Kumamoto Total Fitness	81-
14	Iron Metabolism and the Optimal Exercise Level in Long-Distance Runners	Takeaki Inomoto, Soroku Nishiyama, Yoshio Sawada	Kumamoto Institute of Total Fitness and Department pf Pediatrics, Medical School	85-
15	Influence of Oyster Extract Administration of Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatitis Patients Oy-Ex Discussion	Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Sukeshisa Izuta(2), Tadayoshi Fujita(2), Takao Nakatsuka(3), Nakatsuka Yoshino(3) and Yukio Shibata(4)	(1)Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Agura Hospital (3)Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University (4)Formerly Aichi Medical University	91-
16	Serum Biotin and Blood Glucose in Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus	Toshiaki Watanabe(1) and Toru Fukui(2)	(1) Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata (2) Clinical Laboratory, Byotai Seri Laboratory, Tokyo	99-
17	The Relationship between the Movement of Trace Elements and Parathyroid Hormone (PHD) in the Zinc Deficiency- and Organotin- Induced Brain Lesion	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Junko Murata(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Takayuki Takeuchi(3), Yukihiro Nakano(3)	(1) Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Shizuoka (2) Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Hearth (3) Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University	107-
18	Bioavailability of Peptide Zinc for Weanling Pigs.	Hisashi Suzaki (1), Tohru Matusi(1), Miho Hirabayashi(1), Yuko Iwama(1), Eri Miyamoto(1), Hideo Yano(1), and Shouji Hujita(2)	(1) Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2) Eizai Co., Ltd.	113-
19	The Effect of the Different Dietary Magnesium or Calcium Level on Magnesium Behavior in Mice	Kenichi Tsuruta, Miho Hirabayashi, Tohru Matsui, Hideo Yano	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University	117-
20	Relationships of Serum Selenium Concentration to Cholesterol Level and Fatty Acid Composition in Japanese Males and Greenland Natives	Yoji Deguchi(1), Yukinori Kusaka(1), Hitomi Tojo(2), J. C. Hansen(3), E. B. Thorling(4), P. Bjerregaard(5), H. S. Pederson(6) and G. Mulvad(6)	(1) Department of Environmental Health, Fukui Medical School (2)Kanagawa Prefectural Junior College of Nutrition (3) University of Aarhus (4) Danish Center Society (5) Danish institute for Clinical Epidemiology (6) Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Greenland	125-
21	Re-evaluation of Torula Yeast as a Low Selenium Protein Source	Munehiro Yoshida(1), Toshiko Ono(1), Hiroshi Tachi(2), Tatsuhiko Ando(2)	(1)Department of Public Health, Kansai Medical University (2) Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Junior College of Tokyo University of Agriculture	131-
22	Modified High Sensitive Determination Methods of Selenium Concentration and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Platelets, and These Determination in Healthy Japanese Adults.	Akihiko Matsuda(1), Mieko Kimura(1), Yoshinori Itokawa,(1) Junichi Isegawa(2), Mikiko Kataoka(2) and Makoto Sato(2)	(1)Department of Social Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University (2) Research Laboratories, Roussel Morishita Co., Ltd.	137-
23	Food-and Age-dependent Changes of Trace Elements in LEC Rats	Hiromu Sakurai(1), Yoshiyuki Sano(1), Nobuyuki Masuyama(1), Takayo Murakami(1), Riichi Tawa(1), Katsuyuki Nakajima(2), Keiji Suzuki(3) and Hidetoshi Asano(4)	(1) Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2) Japan Immunoresearch Laboratories Co., (3) Gumma University School of Medicine (4) Charles River Japan Inc.	143-
24	Superoxide Anion Scavenging Activity and Metal Contents of Coffee	Akihiro Tsuji(1), Rokuji Matsushita(2), Yoshiyuki Sano(1) and Hiromu Sakurai(1)	(1) Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2) Nuclear Reactor Institute, Kyoto University	149-
25	Mineral Status of Beef and Dairy Cattle Buffalo in Central Thailand	Hajime Kumagai(1), Suwapong Swasdiphanich(2) and Yot Chaipan(1)	(1) Institute for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University (2) Faculty of Agriculture, Kansetsart University, Thailand	155-
26	Effects of the Fermented Soya-bean on Absorption of Zinc, Iron and Copper in Rats	Miho Hirabayashi(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Fumiko Yano(2) and Hideo Yano(1)	(1)Department of animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2) Department of Biomechanical Science and Technology. Kinki University	161-
27	DNA Cleavage and its Mechanism by Vanadyl-1, 10-Phenantheoline Derivatives in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide	Hideyuki Tamura and Hiromu Sakurai	Department of analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University	167-
28	Participation of Trace Minerals to Physiological Functionality of "functional Water"	Tetsuya Suzuki(1), Hiroyasu Doi(1), Isao Shimono(2) and Kozo Takama(1)	(1) Hokkaido University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry (2) Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Division of Material Science	171-
29	Biosynthetic Pathway of Fluoroacetate in Steptomyces cattleya	Nobuyoshi Esaki, Takashi Tamura and Kenji Soda	Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University	177-

SUMMARY 1

NO	12-1
Theme	Marine Organisms and Fat Soluble Nutrients
Reporter	Akio Kanazawa
Position	Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.1-8
Summary	The n-3 fatty acid such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are commonly found in various marine organisms. The useful roles and beneficial effect of these fatty acids to human health have been recognized. The pharmacological effects of these fatty acids have been observed mainly infraction of the heart muscle and canter. Particularly, DHA is highly valued as component in health foods. It is reported that a marine unicellular algal species, Crythecodinium cohnii contains DHA in large amount. It has been demonstrated that highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) has a high essential fatty acid efficacy for many fish and crustaceans. Recently, several larval and juvenile fishes and shrimp. Therefore, in aquaculture, marine fish larvae are generally reared on n-3 HUFA enriched rotifers and Artemia or miciroparticulate diets. The origin and circulation of EPA and DHA and the transfer of these fatty acids from marine organisms to land mammals via the food chain will be discussed in the present paper.

SUMMARY 2

NO	12-2
Theme	Carotenoids and Immunity
Reporter	Yoshifumi Tomita
Position	Department of Agriculture, Miyazaki University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.9-14
Summary	Carotenoids are pigments widely distributed in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Their physiological roles were not known expect those of beta-carotene and some other carotenes as provitamin. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies revealed that carotenoids might have important roles in prevention of diseases such as cancers, possibly through scavenging harmful radicals and influencing host defense systems, i. e. immune system. Carotenoids increase antibody production, augment immunological tumor rejection and raise helper cell population. The mechanisms, by which carotenoids scavenge radicals or active oxygens, were well studied and documented, but mechanisms for modulating immune responses were not clarified due to the sophisticated network of immune systems. Many attempts and various approaches are necessary to evaluate the roles of carotenoids in connection with human health.

SUMMARY 3

NO	12-3
Theme	Nutrition and Micronutrition: Human Risk Factors or Cancer Prevention
Reporter	Haim Tapiero
Position	Universtite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.15-25
Summary	Dietary factors have been estimated to responsible for 30-40% of all cancer. Moreover, epidemiological studies have revealed many correlations (coincidental, associated or precursor lesions) between the risk of cancer and the prevalence of other diseases. Thus, since all colorectal cancers arise in precursor areas of dysplasia, and since an adenoma is defined histologically as an area of dysplasia, adenomas are precursors of colorectal cancer. In the case of colon cancer there is considerable evidence that a high proportion of large bowel cancers develop from a popliploid precursion lesion, the adenoma. The risk of colorectal adenomas decreasing linearly with increasing daily consumption of polysaccharides and natural sugar. In contrast sugar, added to food and drinks was observed to have the opposite effect. In the oropharyngeal cancers the commonest precursor lesion is leukoplakia and the incidence of the cancer is strongly correlated with the intake of alcohol and smoking habit. It is also associated with a low intake of retinoids and carotenoids. In oesophagial cancer, the major histological type of cancer is s1uamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which accounted for more than 90% of all cases and the most widely recognized precursor if SCC is dysplasia in achalasia. In the large studies carried out in China, the major risk factors of dysplasia were low intakes of retinol, riboflavin, and zinc. In the aetiology of gastric cancer (GC) it is widely recognized that diet is the important factor. Reduction of nitrates (NO3) to reactive nitrite (NO2) formed though the action of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the saliva and hypo acidic stomach can result in the subsequent formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) that can act as promoters during the later stage of carcinogenesis. Populations at high GC risk had a high NO3 content in drinking water. Several case-control studies have shown remarkable consistency indicating that heavy use of salt would be compatible with a 50% increase in GC risk. Another factor that is known to have a large impact on GC is the dry heating (pyrolysis) of food rich in amino acids and protein, which produces highly mutagenic aromatic amine compounds. Thus, the development of GC is multifactoial: excessive salt intake, low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables and Helicobacter pylori infection. Finally, despite immense research efforts, the causes of breast cancers are still incompletely under stood. Carcinogenesis consists of a series of steps, which involve endogenous (hormones) as well as exogenous (e. g. nutrition) factors similar to endometrial cancer in which the triad obesity-hypertension-diabetes and the unopposed action of oestrogens had been identified as potential risk factors. In conclusion carcinogenesis often involves a multistage sequence of precancerous lesions, each step having its own set of causal agents. The role of diet and micronutrition in individual steps in the multistage carcinogenesis process in likely to provide the best clues to strategies for cancer prevention. Reduced fat intake, increased fiber intake, calcium intake and antioxidant compounds may be important not only in proving antioxidant substances but also in limiting the production of toxic oxidation compounds during food processing. Since the oyster extract has been shown to be particularly rich is as wall as Zn and in antioxidant compound, studies have been undertaken to show its effect on health promoting and as actively protective in cancer.

SUMMARY 4

NO	12-4
Theme	Effect of Dietary Bone Powders on Calcium Metabolism in Rats
Reporter	Jiro Ito, Kinya Ashida, Tohru Matsui and Hideo Yano
Position	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.27-31
Summary	The effects of dietary bone powders on mineral and bone metabolism were studied in growing male rats. Three kinds of bone powders were prepared; freeze-dried (F), boiled and air-dried (B), and ashed (A). In a control diet, CaCO3 and CaHPO4·2H2O were supplied to adjust calcium and phosphorus contents. Magnesium content was 18% higher in diets consisting of bone powders than in the control diet, because of relatively high content of Mg in bone powders. Each diet was fed to 8 rats of each group for 21 days. Five days before the end of the feeding trial, mineral balance was examined. The group fed diet A was lower than the other group in Ca apparent absorption, Ca retention, and Ca content and specific gravity of tibia. On the other hand, there were no significant difference in these parameters among the groups other than group A. The ingestion of each bone powder increased apparent absorption and retention of Mg. These results indicate that Ca availability in the ashed bone powder is lower than in the bone powders without ashing and the inorganic Ca source. It is possible that Mg in bone powders is of a high absorbability.

SUMMARY 5

NO	12-5
Theme	Calcium and Manganese Concentrations in Different Tissues of Clinically Vitamin A Deficient Rats
Reporter	Ahmed S. Raman, Mieko Kimura, Katsuhiko Yokoi and Yoshinori Itokawa
Position	Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Division of Social and Preventive Medicine, Environmental Medicine
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.33-38
Summary	Twenty-four male Wister rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed two types of synthetic diets for 52 days. A(-) group was fed vitamin A deficient diet as libitum. PF, pair-fed, and A(+) groups were given restricted amount or allowed free access to control diet respectively. In brain, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the A(-) group when compared with the other two groups. In tibia, calcium concentrations were significantly lower in the A (-) groups compared with the other two. In testis, calcium and manganese concentrations were significantly higher in A (-) group then PF and A (+) groups. These results suggest that vitamin A deficiency affects normal metabolism of calcium and manganese in some issues of rats.

SUMMARY 6

NO	12-6
Theme	Effects of Source of Dietary Proteins and Exercise on Body Composition and Bone Metabolism in Rats on High-Protein Diets
Reporter	Toyoko Okuda, Akiko Matsuo, Hanae Yamazaki and Yohko Sugawa-Katayama
Position	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.39-43
Summary	The effect of dietary proteins of different origins (casein, pure egg protein, soy protein isolate, and liquid collagen peptides plus casein) on body composition and of voluntary running exercise on a diet including liquid collagen peptides and casein) on body composition and bone metabolism of rats after ovariectomy on high-protein diets were evaluated. The mean percentage of body fat and the mean weight of adipose tissue (perisplanchnic plus perigenital) were significantly lower in the group that exercised than in the sedentary group on the same diet. The mean weight of the humerus was significantly higher in the group that exercised than in the sedentary group on the same diet. The mean weight of the humerus was significantly higher in the group that exercised than in the sedentary group on the same diet. There were no differences in calcium retention for two days or in the calcium concentrations or bone metabolism. Voluntary running exercise was efficacious for body composition and bone mass of humerus in growing rats.

SUMMARY 7

NO	12-7
Theme	Hematological Response of Anemic Rats to Hemosiderin and ferrous sulfate
Reporter	Ratchanee Kongkachuichai and Kyoden Yasumoto
Position	Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.45-50
Summary	Bioavailability of iron in ferrous sulfate and hemosiderin, prepared from pork liver in our laboratory, was evaluated in terms of hematological indices. Twenty-one days old fifty-four male Wister weanling rats were made anemic by feeding a casein-based, iron-deficient diet for 1 week and withdrawing blood from retro-ocular veins twice a week. Anemic rats were divided into 9 groups and fed, for additional 6 weeks, with the iron-deficient diet or the diet supplemented with ferrous sulfate and Hemosiderin at 6, 12, 18, 24 mg iron/kg diet. Significantly depression was observed in blood parameters of both anemic rats fed with the iron-deficient diet and those diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate or hemosiderin at 6 mg iron/kg diet than other groups (ρ<0.05). No significant difference was observed in blood parameters between the groups on the ferrous sulfate and the hemosiderin diets; However, the Hemosiderin diet gave slightly higher but statistically insignificantly values than in animal fed with the ferrous sulfate. Therefore, these data indicate that hemosiderin in a good source of iron for nutrition.

SUMMARY 8

NO	12-8
Theme	Effect of Hemoglobin and Iron on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RBC Damege Induced by Ozone Exposure
Reporter	Kenji Fukunaga, Tetsuya Suzuki and Kozo Takama
Position	Department of Marine Bioresources, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.51-56
Summary	During the course of the study on the oxidative damage in fishes, we previously revealed that the primary target organ of ozone toxicity to fish was not gill to cause gill injury but rather red blood cells (RBC). However, the mechanism of ozone toxicity to RBC at the molecular level has remained unrevealed. In the present study, we examined whether hemoglobin (Hb) or hemoglobin-derived iron (HbFe) could participate in oxidative damage pf rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RBC induced by ozone exposure and the effect of free ferrous irons from Hb as a result of ozone exposure was examined by the addition of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in the medium. Ozone oxposure induced hemolysis, membrane lipid peroxidation, decrease of antioxdative substances and activity of acetylchoinesterase (ACeE). Those damages were not suppressed by the addition of DTPA but were effectively suppressed by incubating RBC with CO. Ozone or ozone derived species should penetrate through the membrane without direct membrane damage and react with the iron of Hb to genarate hydroxyl radical or other reactive species inside RBC. No inhibition of DTPA addition suggests that ozone exposure did not release iron from Hb. These results indicate that Hb itself performs an important role in oxidative damage of RBC membrane; i. e., oxidative damage was caused by the reactive oxygen species generated inside RBC rather than by direct attack of extracellular direct ozone attack to RBC outer membrane.

SUMMARY 9

NO	12-9
Theme	Lipid Peroxidation and sex-dependent Differences in Iron-deficient Rats
Reporter	Mariko Uehara, Satoru Tateishi, Hideki Mogi, Kazuharu Suzuki and Shiro Goto
Position	Department if Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of agriculture
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.57-65
Summary	The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of iron deficiency on lipid peroxidation and sex-dependent difference in rats. Weanling male rats (n=3) were divided into three groups of the, and were fed on three diets: a control diet (C); an iron deficient diet (FeD); and an iron-copper deficient diet, respectively for 60 days. Lipid peroxides in the liver were determined with four methods: the three thiobarbi turic acid (TBA) assay and the luminol chemiluminescence assay by using high-performance liquid chromatography (CL-HPLC), and were expressed as TBA reactive substances (TBARS) for TBA assay and phosphatidylcoline hydroperoxide (PCOOH) for CL-HPLC method. By using the TBA assay, hepatic the TBARS was decreased, but the PCOOH were higher in the FeD rats than in the control rats by the CL-HPLC method. Iron (50~500μg of Fe/g liver as FeCl3) was added to Iron-copper deficient liver homogenate solution. The result was that correlation between iron levels and lipid peroxide values in all methods were significant. Lipid peroxide value in Uchiyama-Mihara method was affected by the increasing of iron, especially. Weanling male and female rats (n=40) were divided into four groups of ten, and were fed on the control diet (CM, FM) and the iron deficient diet (DM, FM), respectively for 30 days. Serum and liver TG and PL values, hepatic cytosolic XOD, GSH-Px and serum and liver PCOOH were increased in Iron deficient male rats (DM). As for female iron-deficient rats, these phenomena were no so particular without GSH-Px, It was suggested that TBARS was easy to affect by iron level in the sample solution for assay, and PCOOH accumulates as a primary product of membrane phosupholipids in liver were available for the determination of hepatic lipid peroxidation in iron deficient rat. We demonstrated that lipid peroxidation from PCOOH was occurred in iron deficiency and sex-dependent differences was detected on lipid peroxidation in iron deficient rats.

SUMMARY 10

NO	12-10
Theme	Effect of Algae as a Feed Additive on Growth Performance in Red Sea Bream, Pagrus Major
Reporter	Md. Ghulam Mustafa, Shigeru Wakamatsu, Takaaki Takeda, Tetsuya Umino and Heisuke Nakagawa
Position	Faculty of applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.67-72
Summary	Algae as a feed additive improved physiological condition including protein assimilation, lipid metabolism, liver function, stress responses, disease resistance and carcass quality of cultures fish. Effects on The growth performance, feed efficiency, and results of related biochemical analyses of red sea bream fed on algae-supplemented diet are discussed. The algae Ascophyllum nodosum, Porphyra yezoensis, Spirulina sp. And Ulva pertusa were supplemented to the zero year and one-year-old red sea bream diet at 3-5%. Feeding algal meal as a feed additive elevates growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and muscle protein deposition. An increase in RNA/DNA ratio and decrease in acid proteinase activity were observed in algae-fed fish. Among the algae tested in these experiments, the effects were pronounced with Spirulina. The results confirmed disability for algae as a feed additive in growth performance of red sea bream.

SUMMARY 11

NO	12-11
Theme	Cholesterol Oxides in Japanese Traditional Marine Products and Their Cytotoxicity
Reporter	Kimiko Ohtani(1), Kaoru Miyabara(1), Masaharu Kamei(2), Isao Yuasa(1)
Position	(1)Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University (2)Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.73-76
Summary	Cholesterol is easily oxidized enzymatically and non-enzymatically, producing various kinds of cholesterol; oxides. Several kinds of cholesterol oxides are identified and quantities in food and animal tissues. Cholesterol oxides have a wide variety of effects of cholesterol oxides is not elucidated. In this study, we examined the contents of cholesterol oxides in Japanese traditional marine products, salted and semi-dried Shishamo and Surume, dries squid, and the biological effect of a few kinds of cholesterol oxides on cultured rat hepatocytes, which were freshly prepared by perusing collagenese. A very small amount of 7- α - and - 7 - β hydroxycholesterol, 5 α ,6 α -, and 5 β , 6 β - epoxide, and 7- ketocholesterol, concentrations of 100 μ M, showed a strong cytotoxicity for hepatocytes, and it killed hepatocytes without the release of LDH to the culture medium. Moreover, carboxyl-PTIO, the chemicals for the selective elimination of NO radical, increased viability of hepatocytes, indicating that NO radical is involved in the cell death of hepatocytes.

SUMMARY 12

NO	12-12
Theme	Cytotoxicity of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Products
Reporter	Toshikazu Kaise(1), Takafumi Ochi(2), Yukiko Oya-Ota(3) and Kenichi Hanaoka(4)
Position	(1)School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science (2)Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University (3)Kanagawa Prefectural Collage of Nursing and Medical Technology (4)Shimonoseki University of Fisheries
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.77-80
Summary	Marine products contain arsenic in high concentration compared with other foods. People have eaten many marine products in Japan and have been exposed to many arsenicals. Many of these arsenic compounds are organic and water-soluble. To evaluate the risk associated with this intake of arsenic, the toxicological of the most common arsenic compounds in marine products must be known. Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, trimethylarsine oxide and teramethylarsonium iodide were examined for cytotoxicity, chromosomal aberration and sister chromatic exchange (SCE). Arsenobetaine, the major water-solubule organic arsenic compounds contained in many marine animals, exhibited very low toxicity toward mammalian cells. The toxicity of the other arsenic compounds in these tests was lower than the toxicity of arsenite of arsenate.

SUMMARY 13

NO	12-13
Theme	Zinc Kinetics Study in Female Endurance Runner
Reporter	Soroku Nishiyama(1), Takeaki Inomoto(2), Toshiro Nakamura(1), Yoshio Sawada(2), Ichiro Matsuda(1)
Position	(1)Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, Medical School (2)Kumamoto Total Fitness
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.81-84
Summary	Zinc deficiency associated with iron deficiency anemia was first recorded by Prasad in 1961. The precise role of zinc in the hematological abnormalities in man is not certain. Endurance runners have been known to suffer from anemia that simulated iron deficiency anemia. We conducted zinc kinetic study using total body zinc clearance in 21 female endurance runners, and studied relationship between zinc status and anemia. Seven athletes showed severe zinc deficiency (Zn clearance were more than 25ml/kg/hour), and fourteen athletes were normal zinc status. Hemoglobin, serum total protein and Fe were significantly lower in zinc deficiency group than in normal group. Zinc status might partly account for hematological abnormality in female endurance runner.

SUMMARY 14

NO	12-14
Theme	Iron Metabolism and the Optimal Exercise Level in Long-Distance Runners
Reporter	Takeaki Inomoto, Soroku Nishiyama, Yoshio Sawada
Position	Kumamoto Institute of Total Fitness and Department pf Pediatrics, Medical School
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.85-89
Summary	We have evaluated the distance of daily running and blood biochemical parameters to prevent anemia in long-distance runners. Blood was drawn early in the morning after an over-night fast. ON blood tests, serum iron, ferritin, RBC, Hb, Ht and UIBC were measured, and MCV, MCH, and MCHC were calculated. The distance of running was expressed as the monthly distance run in all running at or above the jogging pace (km/month) irrespective of the intensity of running. Case 1 : In 9 female runners on a company relay team with a mean age of 19.7 ± 3.2 years, the relationship between the running distance and the number of days on which they sought for medical consultation (number of day of treatment) was examined. The number of days of treatment increased markedly as the monthly distance of running in early morning practice exceeded 200 km/month in a few runners. It increased markedly when the distance of running in the afternoon practice exceeded 450 km/month. Case 2 : In a 17-year-old male, the serum iron, ferritin, and Hb levels decreased to 45 μ g/dl, 40ng/dl, and 13.7g/dl, respectively, in the summer of the second grade in junior high school, when ht noted weakness and poor performance. The ferritin concentration was maintained at150ng/dl or above until the second grade in high school due to treatment, but RBC and Hb showed marked decreases, and the lapsed into slump again. The patient had rested about once a month until that time, but he was instructed to rest every week. Oral administration of zinc was started, and observation is still continued.

SUMMARY 15

NO	12-15
Theme	Influence of Oyster Extract Administration of Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatitis Patients
Reporter	Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Sukeshisa Izuta(2), Tadayoshi Fujita(2), Takao Nakatsuka(3), Nakatsuka Yoshino(3) and Yukio Shibata(4)
Position	(1)Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Agura Hospital (3)Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University (4)Formerly Aichi Medical University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.91-97
Summary	Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) contains much amount of Zinc, Taurine and other nutrients and it is also used as the material of diet. Ohta et al. reported that the administration of oyster extract (OE) improved the blood glucose level in alloxan diabetic rats. In this study, influence of biochemical score of blood and subjective symptoms have been investigated in OE tables administered Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatitis Patients. 8 tables (Diabetes Mellitus) and 12 tables (Hepatitis) of OE (containing 270mg OE powder/1 tablet) were orally administered to subjects every day for 3 months. Blood glucose and biochemical score of blood lipid were determined in Diabetes Mellitus patients. ALT(GOT),AST(GPT), γ -GTP were determined in Hepatitis patients. Blood tests were carried out every week or every 2 weeks. Questionnaire about subjective symptoms(health condition, appetite, Complexion, motion, degree of fatigue and sleep) was carried out every 2 weeks. In the Diabetes Mellitus patients, blood glucose and subjective symptoms of 7 subjects among 10 subjects was improved after administration of OE.

SUMMARY 16

NO	12-16
Theme	Serum Biotin and Blood Glucose in Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus
Reporter	Toshiaki Watanabe(1) and Toru Fukui(2)
Position	(1) Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata (2) Clinical Laboratory, Byotai Seri Laboratory, Tokyo
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.99-105
Summary	To evaluate the relationship between biotin status and blood glucose, we measured the levels of serum biotin, blood glucose and biochemical variables in subject's mellitus. The mean of serum biotin level in 284 diabetic subjects was 1.5 ± 0.31 ng/ml, which was significantly lower than 2.3 ±0.35 ng/ml in 2,004 healthy adults. In these diabetics, the serum biotin was decreased with advancing age, but no sex difference was detected. Although there was no correlation between serum biotin and fasting blood sugar, a positive correlation existed between serum biotin level and blood glucose 60 and 120 min after an oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, on the basis of correlation coefficients among biochemical variables in serum, the biotin level correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r=0.125, p=0.035). A negative correlation of biotin status with BUN was observed (r=-0.126, p=0.034). The present findings demonstrate that biotin plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism as well as gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.

SUMMARY 17

NO	12-17
Theme	The Relationship between the Movement of Trace Elements and Parathyroid Hormone (PHD) in the Zinc Deficiency- and Organotin- Induced Brain Lesion
Reporter	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Junko Murata(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Takayuki Takeuchi(3), Yukihiro Nakano(3)
Position	(1) Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Shizuoka (2) Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Hearth (3) Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.107-112
Summary	Deficiency and excess of trance elements induces various kind of brain lesion. In this study, to elucidate the relationship between the induction of brain lesion and trance elements in the brain, the movement of trance elements in various brain tissues was biochemically investigated under the symptom manifestation of disturbance of memory, learning defects and disturbance of olfactory acuity (anosmia) induced by zinc deficiency or organotin (tributyltin) exposure. Remarkable results are that a) a zinc deficiency induced a significant accumulation of calcium into the olfactory and of aluminum into the hippocampus, b) organotin exposure induced a significant accumulation of calcium into the olfactory, c) these excessive accumulation of calcium and aluminum into the specified tissues were associated with and increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the tissues.

SUMMARY 18

NO	12-18
Theme	On the Antioxidants in the Extracts of Rooibos Tea
Reporter	Hisashi Suzaki(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Miho Hirabayashi(1), Yuko Iwama(1),Eri Miyamoto(1),Hideo Yano(1),Syoji Hujita(2)
Position	(1)Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2)Eizai Co., Ltd
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.113-116
Summary	The present study was carried out to clarify bioavailability of peptide zinc for weanling pigs.Twenty-five pigs(7kg initial weight)were allotted to five groups of each dietary treatment. The experimental diets were basal.diets supplied Zn 25,50,100mg/kg of Zn as peptide zinc or 100mg/kg of Zn as zinc sulfate of diet. Zinc concentrationsin the liver,the femur and plasma were higher in pigs fed lOOmg/kg of Zn as PePtide zinc than in those fed the same amount of Zn as zinc sulfate. Pigs received 100mg/kg peptide Zn tended to have high solubility of zinc in the ileum than 100mg/kg zinc as sulfate. It seems that the bioavailability of peptide zinc was approximately twice as much as that of zinc sulfate.

SUMMARY 19

NO	12-19
Theme	The Effect of the Different Dietary Magnesium or Calcium Level on Magnesium Behavior in Mice
Reporter	Shuichi Kimura(1),Mieko Kawamura(2),Tatsuya ido(3),Kenichi Nakatsugawa(1),Yumiko Ikeda(1),Yoshihito Funaki(3),Ren Iwata(3)
Position	(1)Syouwa Women's University (2)Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Applied Biochemistry,Faculuty of Agriculture (3)Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry,Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.117-123
Summary	The effect of the different dietary magnesium or calcium level on magnesium behavior in mice were investigated.Forty eight ddy male mice were divided into 4 groups 1 to 4.Group 1(magnesium 40mg/calcium 503mg in lOOg diet),group 2(magmesium 40mg/calcium 965mg),group3(magnesium 3mg/calcium 459mg),and group 4(magnesium 3mg/calcium 946mg)were maintained for 6 days by experimental diet. Biodistribution studies of double trace method with 28Mg and 45Ca, and whole body-macroradioluminography of 28Mg were performed in mice. Theconcentration of magnesium and calcium in liver,heart,kidney and bone were analyzed by 1 CPS-5000.The radioluminographs of a mouse fed the magmesium dificient diet(group 3,4)revealed high accumulation of a 28Mg in heart and gut compared with the other groups.On the tissues biodistribution,28Mg had a significantly high uptake in the heart,liver,and small intestine,low uptake in bone of group 3 with the other groups.The distribution of 45Ca were not changed between gruops. The magnesium concentration was significantly lower in liver and kidney of group 2,3 and 4,in heart and bone of group 4 than in those of group 1. The calcium concentration was significantly lower in liver of group 2 than in these of group 1. The calciumconcentration was significantly higherin heart of group 4 than in those of group 1.It was concluded from theseresults as follows :1)Undermagnisium deficiency,magnesium uptake in bone was decreased,but in the other organs(heart)were not changed so large in any calcium concentration. 2)The any ratio of calcium to magnesium(molar ratio;20~190)in this experimental diet did not affected on the magnesium transfer to organs.

SUMMARY 20

NO	12-20
Theme	Relationships of Serum Selenium Concentration to Cholesterol Level and Fatty Acid Composition in Japanese Males and Greenland Natives
Reporter	Yoji Deguchi(1), Yukinori Kusaka(1), Hitomi Tojo(2), J. C. Hansen(3), E. B. Thorling(4), P. Bjerregaard(5), H. S. Pederson(6) and G. Mulvad(6)
Position	(1) Department of Environmental Health, Fukui Medical School (2)Kanagawa Prefectural Junior College of Nutrition (3) University of Aarhus (4) Danish Center Society (5) Danish institute for Clinical Epidemiology (6) Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Greenland
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.125-129
Summary	The Japanese and Greenland natives have been reported to have lower mortality rates of ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared with Scandinavians and North Americans. However, little is known about whether selenium (Se) serves as a preventive factor of IHD in the Japanese and Greenland natives. In this study, we examined the relationships of serum Se concentration to cholesterol level and fatty acid composition in 232 Japanese males and Greenland natives (53 males and 38 females) by multiple regression analysis with age and body weight as independent variables. Total cholesterol level was a common increasing factor for serum Se concentration in Japanese males and Greenland native males, whereas fatty acid composition did not show consistent relation to serum Se level.

SUMMARY 21

NO	12-21
Theme	Re-evaluation of Torula Yeast as a Low Selenium Protein Source
Reporter	Munehiro Yoshida(1), Toshiko Ono(1), Hiroshi Tachi(2), Tatsuhiko Ando(2)
Position	(1)Department of Public Health, Kansai Medical University (2) Department of Brewing and Fermentation, Junior College of Tokyo University of Agriculture
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.131-135
Summary	Torula yeast has used as a protein source in selenium (Se)- deficient diets. Various types of Torula yeast can be obtained in Japan. Their differences were evaluated. Three types of Torula yeast, different in species and culture conditions, were used: P, grown on a medium containing a waste of wood pulp; S-1 and S-2, grown on synthetic media. Three types of Se-deficient diet were composed of these yeast and AIN-76 mineral mixture. All diets contained less than 0.01ppm of Se. Because Torula P was contained a high concentration of iron (249ppm), the iron content of the diet composed of Torula P was about four times higher than the recommended value of AIN. Male weaning Wister rats were pair-fed on these Se-deficient diets or the diets supplemented with 0.1ppm of Se as sodium selenite for 6 weeks. Irrespective of the Se supplementation, rats given Torula P showed less body weight gain, and lower serum iron levels, and higher serum total iron binding capacities and hepatic aniline hydroxylase activities compared to rats given Torula S-1 or S-2. These findings indicate that Torula P, which assimilates the waste of wood pulp, contains several factors that lower the availabilities of protein and iron and induce hepatic drug metabolizing activity.

SUMMARY 22

NO	12-22
Theme	Modified High Sensitive Determination Methods of Selenium Concentration and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Platelets, and These Determination in Healthy Japanese Adults.
Reporter	Akihiko Matsuda(1), Mieko Kimura(1), Yoshinori Itokawa(1) Junichi Isegawa(2), Mikiko Kataoka(1)and Makoto Sato(1)
Position	(1)Department of Social Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University (2) Research Laboratories, Roussel Morishita Co., Ltd.
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.137-142
Summary	Modified high sensitive determination methods of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of plasma, erythrocytes and platelets were developed. The selenium concentration and GSH=Px activity of plasma, erythrocytes and platelets in 51 healthy Japanese adults were measured, and following results were obtained. The selenium concentration (mean ± SD) of plasma, erythrocytes and platelets were 117.4± 15.7μg/L, 0.954±15.2ng/mg protein, respectively. The GSH-Px activity (mean ±SD) of plasma, erythrocytes and platelets and platelets were 318±50U/L, 18.0 ±5.0U/gHb and 0.142±0.035U/mg protein, respectively.

SUMMARY 23

NO	12-23
Theme	Food-and Age-dependent Changes of Trace Elements in LEC Rats
Reporter	Hiromu Sakurai(1), Yoshiyuki Sano(1), Nobuyuki Masuyama(1), Takayo Murakami(1), Riichi Tawa(1), Katsuyuki Nakajima(2), Keiji Suzuki(3) and Hidetoshi Asano(4)
Position	(1) Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2) Japan Immunoresearch Laboratories Co., (3) Gumma University School of Medicine (4) Charles River Japan Inc.
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.143-147
Summary	The LEC (Long-Evans Cinnamon) rats develop spontaneous hepatic injury with unusual copper accumulation. The LEC rat is considered to be an unusual animal model for human liver disease, such as Wilson disease. We obtained evidence which shows an unusual accumulation of copper in the liver of LEC rats, followed by the induction of copper-metallothionein (Cu-MT). We suggested the mechanism for the development of hepatitis in LEC rats, in relation to the accumulated copper and induced Cu-MT. We investigated the food-and age-dependent changes of bio-trace elements such as Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn, as well as those of metallothionein in the liver of LEC rats. Further, we studied the generation of active oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals in the reaction of Cu-MT and H2O2, to know the indicated to relate the accumulation of copper and induction of Cu-MT, which in turn generates the hydroxyl radicals when H2O2 is present in the cell.

SUMMARY 24

NO	12-24
Theme	Superoxide Anion Scavenging Activity and Metal Contents of Coffee
Reporter	Akihiro Tsuji(1), Rokuji Matsushita(1), Yoshiyuki Sano(1) and Hiromu Sakurai(1)
Position	(1) Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2) Nuclear Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.149-154
Summary	Superoxide anion radical is proposed to cause oxidative injury to cells and tissues due to the successive formation of more reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Coffee that contains both polyphenols like tannins and metalloprotein like superoxide dismutase (SOD) is highly expected to scavenge the active oxygen species such as superoxide anion radicals. We studied both superoxide anion scavenging activity (SSA) and metal contents of coffee, by evaluating with ESR (electron spin resonance)-spin trapping and neutron activation analysis (NAA) together with flameless atomic absorption (FAA) methods, respectively. Coffee imported from different countries was found to have SSA in the range of 470-1360 SOD unit/ml of coffee extract, showing that almost coffees examined have relatively good SSA. Nineteen sorts of elements were detectable by both NAA and FAA methods, depending on the kind of coffee. A correlation between SSA and the metal ratio Mn/Fe found, indicating the occurrence of SOD-like activity of coffee.

SUMMARY 25

NO	12-25
Theme	Mineral Status of Beef and Dairy Cattle Buffalo in Central Thailand
Reporter	Hajime Kumagai(1), Suwapong Swasdiphanich(2) and Yot Chaipan(1)
Position	(1) Institute for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University (2) Faculty of Agriculture, Kansetsart University, Thailand
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.155-159
Summary	Nutritional status of minerals of beef and diary cattle and buffalo in central Thailand were investigated by evaluating the mineral concentrations in feedstuff and blood plasma of animals during both rainy and hot seasons. One hundred fifty nine females from 4 beef cattle herds, 1 buffalo herd and 3 dairy cattle herds were studied. Low Na concentrations (below 0.07 % on a dry matter basis) in pasture samples from the field for particular beef cow hers was observed. Cu concentrations in all the pasture samples were ranged from 4.2 to 13.5 mg/kg. More than 42 % of animals from 2 beef cattle herds, a buffalo herd and a dairy cattle herd showed lower plasma Cu concentrations than the critical level (0.65 μg/ml). Iron and Se concentrations in forage samples had a wide variety ranging from 185 to 1345 and 0.033 to 1.127 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn and Mn in the diets totally fed were higher than the requirements for beef and dairy cattle. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Pi, Fe and Zn in plasma of animals were normal.

SUMMARY 26

NO	12-26
Theme	Effects of the Fermented Soya-bean on Absorption of Zinc, Iron and Copper in Rats
Reporter	Miho Hirabayashi(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Fumiko Yano(2) and Hideo Yano(1)
Position	(1)Department of animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2) Department of Biomechanical Science and Technology. Kinki University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.161-166
Summary	Effect of the removal of phytate from defatted soya- bean by fermentation on absorption of zinc, iron and copper were investigated. Rats were diets containing defatted soya-bean (DS), fermented defatted-soya-bean (FDS) or fermented defatted-soya- bean (FDS + phytate) for 19 d. During the last 5 d, the apparent absorption of zinc, iron and copper were determined. At the end of the feeding trial, digesta in the upper and the lower half of the small intestine was separately (P < 0.05) higher in rats fed the FDS than animals fed the DS. Furthermore, femoral zinc concentration was greater in the FDS group than the DS group. Surprisingly, apparent absorption of zinc and copper, and femoral zinc concentration were higher in rats fed the FDS + phytate than rats fed the FDS. Solubility of zinc and iron were increased by feeding the FDS with or without phytate in both segments. We conclude that the fermentation of DS improves absorption of zinc and copper. Phytate in the FDS is suggested to be still active digestive tract and to degrade phytate in digesta. However, the disappearance of added phytate could not be enough to account for these results. The lower phospholylated inositols in the FDS might improve mineral absorption.

SUMMARY 27

NO	12-27
Theme	VO(phen) DNA Cleavage and its Mechanism by Vanadyl-1, 10-Phenantheoline Derivatives in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Reporter	Hideyuki Tamura and Hiromu Sakurai
Position	Department of analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.167-169
Summary	Vanadium complexes have been proposed to show antineoplastic activity. Among them, a newly synthesized 1: 1 vanadyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (VO (phen)) complex has been found to have a characteristic antitumor activity in in vivo experiments. To know the mechanism, we investigated the reactivity of VO complex with substituted phenanthroline for DNA. The VO (phen) derivatives induced DNA cleavage effectively in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Lineweaver-Bunk plots for the complex binding to calf thymus DNA suggested that the VO (phen) derivatives have high affinities to DNA molecule. To examine the active species for DNA cleavage, ESR spin trapping was performed. Hydroxyl radicals were detectable in VO(phen) derivatives-H2O2 systems. VO(phen) derivatives are indicates to bind DNA and cleave it with the formation of hydroxyl radicals by a Fenton-like reaction when H2O2 is present in the system.

SUMMARY 28

NO	12-28
Theme	Participation of Trace Minerals to Physiological Functionality of "functional Water"
Reporter	Tetsuya Suzuki(1), Hiroyasu Doi(1), Isao Shimono(2) and Kozo Takama(1)
Position	(1) Hokkaido University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry (2) Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Division of Material Science
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.171-176
Summary	"Functional Water" can be defined as either artificially or non-artificially processed water species, which exert physical characteristics, and/or physiological functionality that can not be observed in original water species without processing. The "Functional Water" species are brought forth by physical and/or chemical treatment such as electromagnetic field loading, contact with ceramics, etc. In the present study, authors examined whether or not so-called "Functional Water" materials really gave water physiological functionality by using bioassay with Euglena gracilis Z in connection with trace element analyses. "Functional Water" species examined in the present study were: 1) loaded high voltage electric field in the presence of wood ceramics (CW), 2) ceramics comprising calcium triphosphate and mica, 3) processed tourmaline particles, 4) a piezoelectric element comprising Ti, Pb and Zr (PZT), and 5) ceramics composed of aluminum and iron (Alumina-Fe ceramics). The "Functional Water" species given rise by immersing those materials and/or electric field loading were examined the effect of cell motility restoration on the tributyl-tinchloride (TBTCI)-intixidated Euglena Gracilis Z. Remarkable effective water species were Ca, Mg and Fe, which suggest some important roles of those elements in exerting physiological functionality, i.e., in this case detoxication of TBTCI, regeneration of flagella and subsequent supply of driving force.

SUMMARY 29

NO	12-29
Theme	Biosynthetic Pathway of Fluoroacetate in Steptomyces cattleya
Reporter	Nobuyoshi Esaki, Takashi Tamura and Kenji Soda
Position	Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
Volume	The 12th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1995)
P	P.177-183
Summary	The biosynthetic pathway of fluoroacetate in Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057 was studied by 19F-NMR and tracer experiments with various 14C-labeled compounds. Radioactivity of 14C-labeled glucose, glycerol pyruvate ,L-serine, β-hydroxypyruvate, succniate and L-aspartate was incorporated into Fluoroacetate during incubation of them with growing and resting cell of S. Cattleya NTG29, a mutant strain overproducing fluoroacetate. Comparison of the ratio of radioactivity incorporated into fluoroacetate from the above compounds to that administered revealed the major biosynthetic pathway of fluoroacetate though β-hydroxypyruvate. Its C2 and C3 carbon was found. Thus, β-hydroxypyruvate is probably fluorinated by replacement of the hydroxyl group by fluoride anion and decarboxylated to from fluoroacetate.

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