Proceedings The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research (1996)
Kyoto, May 14, 1996

NO	Theme	Reporter	Position	P
1	Increased Glutathione Expression in Cells Treated by Crassostrea Gigas (OYSTER) Extract (JCOE) Oy-Ex Discussion	Haim. Tapiero(1) and Kenneth D. Tew(2)	(1)Universite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie (2)Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, U.S.A	1-
2	Effect of Crassostrea Gigas Extract (JCOE) on Cardiac Contractility Oy-Ex Discussion	Thoedore F, Lampidis(1) and Haim Tapiero(2)	(1)University of Miami School of Medicine (2)Universite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie	2-
4	Cytogenetic Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Mitotic and Meiotic Cells in Mammals	Toshiaki Watanabe	Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Yamagaya University School of Medicine, Yamagata	11-
5	Effect of Lateral Ventricular Injection of Zn on Food Intake in Rats Fed Zn-deficient Diet	Fumiko Yano	Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University	19-
6	The Relationship between Iron and Aluminum of the Hippocampus and Olfactlry Bulb in Zinc Deficiency	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Chisato Harada(1), Junko Murata(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Koichi Igura(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)	(1)Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, the University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College	23-
7	Influence of Oyster Extract and Oligopeptide on the Lipid Metabolism in Rats Oy-Ex Discussion	Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Masahiro Nakatsuka(1), Takao Ohta(1), Chiharu Fujii(2), Yumiko Hino(2), Yuki Ishimoto(2), Junko Kondo(2), Yoriko Nagai(2), Mayumi Uchida(2), Teruko Nakasa(2), Osamu Okinaka(2) and Yukio Shibata(1)	(1)Japan Clinic Co.,Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Faculty of Human Life and Science (3)Nutritional Biochemistry, Doshisha Women's College	27-
8	Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lipid in Oyster Oy-Ex Discussion	Masahiro Nakatsuka, Takao Ohta, Yoshikazu Matsuda,Masahiro Ohkubo and Yukio Shibata	Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute	35-
9	Protective Effect of Sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride (SQDG) and Taurine Against Lipid Peroxidation	T. Yamada, T.Suzuki and K. Takama	Laboratory of Food Wholesomeness, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University	43-
10	Organ Distribution of Aluminum Depend on it's Chemical Form	Tadayuki Hino(1), Seiki Fujimoto(1), Nobuyuki Masuyama(1), Yoshiyuki Sano(1), Shigenori Oka(1), Riichi Tawa(1), Jituya Takada(2), Rokuji Matsushita(2) and Hiromu Sakurai(1)	(1)Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University	51-
11	Analysis of the Mechanism for Organotin-Induced Thymus Atrophy and Its Tolerance Manifestation	Junko Murata(1),Yasuaki Arakawa(1),Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)	(1)Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Facalty of Health Science, The University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College	57-
12	An Excessive Accumulation of Lofactory Calcium and Inhibition of Olfactory Signal Transduction by Organotin Compounds	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Koichi Igura(1), Shoko Yoshinari(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)	(1)Department of hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College	63-
13	Effect of Cili Extract on Calcium Absorption and Bone Metabolism in Rats.	Miho Hirabayashi(1), Satsuki Hirabara(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Hitoshi Ueki(2) and Hideo Yano(1)	(1)Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2)Animate Division, Eisai Co., Ltd.	69-
15	Effects of Sodium Chloride Supplements and Running Exercise on Bone Metabolism in Rats Fed Low Calcium Diet	Hanae Yamazaki, Toyoko Okuda, Yohko Sugawa-Katayama	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University	81-
16	Difference between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Zinc Deficiency Anemia in Female Endurance Runner	Soroku Nishiyama(1), Toshiro Nakamura(1), Takeaki Inomoto(2), Yoshio Sawada(2) and Ichiro Matsuda(1)	(1)Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, School of Medical (2)Kumamoto Total Fitness	87-
17	Effect of strenuous exercise on blood constituent	Kenji Fukunaga(1), Munehiro Yoshida(1), Nobuhiro Nishio(2) and Naoki Nakazono(1)	(1)Department of Public Health, Kansai Medical University (2)Department of Hygiene, Kansai Medical University	93-
18	Heme oxygenase-1 Induction by Exposure to Various Metal Ions: Studies on Interaction of Minerals by Using a Human Intestinal Cell Culture System	Yukiko Nakanishi, Chiaki Kobayashi, Sakiyo Yamaoka-Koseki and Kyoden Yasumoto	Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University	99-
19	Participation of Trace-elements in "Function Water" to the restoration of cellular function of Tributyltin chloride intoxicated Euglena fracilis Z	Tetsuya Suzuki, Ryo Ikeuchi and Kozo Takama	Laboratory of Food Wholesomeness, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University	105-
20	Trace Mineral Contents in Milk and Serum of Thoroughbred Horses	Yuko Murakami(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Hideo Yano(1), Tomoko Osawa(2), Yo Asai(2) and Akira Matsui(2)	(1)Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2)Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association	111-
21	Protocols for Selenium Biochemistry	Takashi Tamura(1),Kenji Inagaki(1), Hidehiko Tanaka(1), Joe N. Davis(2) and Thressa C.Stadtman(2)	(1)Department of Biosources Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University (2)Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health	117-
22	Alteration of Ganglioside at the Synapse of Central Nervous System through Nutritional Behavior	Tatsuo Ido(1), Kaori Suzuki(1), Yoshihito Funaki(1), Mieko Kawamura(2) and Shuichi Kimura(3)	(1)Cyclotron and Radioisotope center, Tohoku University (2)Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University (3)Graduate School, Showa Women's University	123-
23	On the Kynurenine, Kynurenic acid and KynureninaseA	Yukio Shibata(1), Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Tomoyuki Shindo(1), Takao Ohta(1), Masahiro Nakatsuka(1) and Hiroshi Ishizu(2)	(1)Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Ueki Hospital	129-
24	Carbohydrate-binding Properties of the Purified Cherry Tomato (Lycopersion esculentum var. Cherry) and Immunohistochemical Application	Keiko Saito(1), Hiromi Yagi(1), Noriko Nakano(1), Mariko Kakuta(2) and Akira Misaki(2)	(1)Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University (2)Konan Women's University	135-
25	Cytotoxicity of 7-Ketocholesterol on Cultured Rat Hepatocytes and Cytoprotection by Vitamin E	Kimiko Ohtani, Kaoru Miyabara, Emi Okamoto and Isao Matsui-Yuasa	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University	145-
26	The Effect of Dietary Protein on Mitogen Response of Splenocytes in C57BL/6 Mice	Yu Hosokawa(1), Nobuyo Tsuboyama(2), Tomiko Yoshihara(3), Ritsuko Masuyama(1), Masayuki Totani(1)	(1) Division of Maternal and Child Health Science, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition (2)Department of Chemistry, Kochi Medical School (3)School of Home Economics, Tokyo Kasei University	151-
27	Effects of Inorganic Ion Dependent-Correlation between the Insulin-Mimetic Activity and Nitric Oxide Production from Macrophages	Akihiro Tsuji, Hideyuki Tamura, Seiki Fujimoto and Hiromu Sakurai	Department of analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University	157-
28	Effect of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Organisms on Murine Macrophages	Teruaki Sakurai, Toshikazu Kaise and Chiyo Matsubara	Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science	161-

SUMMARY 1

NO	13-1
Theme	Increased Glutathione Expression in Cells Treated by Crassostrea Gigas Extract (JCOE)
Reporter	Haim Tapiero(1) and Kenneth D.Tew(2)
Position	(1)Universite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie. (2)Fox Chase Cancer, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.1
Summary	Glutathione is the most abundant and ubiquitous non?protein thiol in mammalian cells and serves as a primary nucleophile in numerous protective detoxification reactions. The maintenance of GSH homeostasis is dependent upon the interrelationships of each of a number of anabolic and catabolic reactions. In most cells, GSH concentrations are in constant flux, with a series of feedback mechanisms in influencing the steady state levels of the tripeptide. Although many cells types can efflux intact GSH, there are few definitive reports of uptake of intact GSH in vivo. In several organ systems, evidence exists to suggest that GSH is not transported intact into cells. In lymphoid and kidney cells, GSH can initially be effluxed from the cell, broken down into its constituent amino acids and transported back into the cell leading to increased de novo synthesis. Extracellularly supplied cysteine can be an especially effective stimulus to increasing the intracellular synthetic rate of GSH. Limitations to this approach include the fact that cysteine is itself toxic to cells if supplied at micromolar concentrations. Since the amino acid composition of Crassostrea gigas extract powder (JCOE) has shown a high level of glutamic acid and taurine, we have asked whether these components present in the JCOE could be a contributory factor in enhancing GSH and GST. Statistically significant increases in GSH occurred in HL60 cells exposed to increased concentrations of JCOE(0.05% and 0.1%) but no significant change in the effects on GST. Because of the high taurine levels measured in the extract, the effects of micromolar taurine supplementation of the medium was studied. A modest, but not statistically significant increase in both GSH levels and GST activity. It is concluded therefore that while the taurine present in the JCOE could be a contributory factor in enhancing GSH and GST, it was not the only stimulus. Moreover, COE can be used as orally active inducer of GSH-related enzyme systems and its clinical benefit may well be appreciated.

SUMMARY 2

NO	13-2
Theme	EFFECT OF CRASSOSTREA GIGAS EXTRACT (COME-ON CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY ADRIAMYCIN
Reporter	(1)Theodore J. Lampidis and (2)Haim Tapiero
Position	(1)University of Miami School of Medicine (2)Universite de Paris-Faculte de Pharmacie.
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.2
Summary	We have previously reported that many of the cardiopathogenic effects described in patients and laboratory animal treated with one of the major anti-cancer agent Adriamycin could be stimulated in vitro. Among these effects is a dose-related arrhythmia which is demonstrated in vitro at 0.05 μg/ml of continuous exposure to adriamycin. Using this procedure to induce arrhythmia we have found here that Crassostrea gigas extract (JCOE) at doses which have no effect on cardiac cell contractility in control cultures(100μg/ml)can reverse Adriamycin-induced arrhythmia. Four general classes or anti-arrhythmic drugs are used clinically to treat a variety of cardiac conditions associated with arrhythmia:Class I via reduction of the fast inward sodium channel; Class II via the antisympathetic pathway(beta blockade); Class III via prolongation of the action potential duration(APD)and class IV via the more recently discovered effects on the blockage of the slow inward calcium channel. Whether JCOE acts via one of the existing mechanisms remains to be investigated. However it could be of potential enormous benefit in offering a new approach to the treatment of cardiac dysfunction.

SUMMARY 4

NO	13-4
Theme	哺乳動物における低亜鉛状態の体細胞および配偶子細胞に及ぼす細胞遺伝学的影響 Cytogenetic Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Mitotic and Meiotic Cells in Mammals
Reporter	Toshiaki Watanabe
Position	Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Yamagaya University School of Medicine, Yamagata
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.11-17
Summary	The cytogenetic effects of short-term zinc deficiency on bone marrow cells and unfertilized oocytes were studied in rodents. Simultaneously, the susceptibility to mutagens in the zinc-deficient state was examined in vivo. Male mice were given control or zinc-deficient diet for 4 weeks. The incidence of sister chromatic exchanges (SCE) of bone marrow cells in zinc-deficient mice was 11.4±1.0, which was different from 6.9±1.7 in control mice. There was a dose response with respect to SCE frequencies in the mitomycin C (MMC)-treated groups. The MMC-induced SCE were additively increased in zinc-deficient mice. However, no differences in mitotic chromosome aberrations and cell cycle kinetics were not found among groups. There may be a fundamental relationship between the induction of SCE and the disturbed zinc metabolism. In female hamsters given zinc-deficient diet for 8 days (2 estrous cycles), the mean number of ovulated oocytes (11.6±1.6) was decreased significantly compared with 14.1±1.6 for the controls. However, no apparent increase of degenerated oocytes and meiotic chromosome aberration were encountered in both hamsters. The increase in diploid oocytes was the most prominent effect in cadmium-treated hamsters. However, there was no difference in the incidence of diploid oocytes between control and zinc-deficient hamsters. These findings indicate a possible inhibitory effect of zinc deficient on ovulation.

SUMMARY 5

NO	13-5
Theme	低亜鉛食給与ﾗｯﾄの側脳室への亜鉛投与が摂食量に及ぼす影響 Effect of Lateral Ventricular Injection of Zn on Food Intake in Rats Fed Zn-deficient Diet
Reporter	Fumiko Yano
Position	Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.19-22
Summary	When rats are offered a zinc-deficient diet, they decrease their total food intake. Their normal food intake alternate with low intake in a 3-5 days cycle. The present study was conducted to examine the function of free-zinc in the regulation of appetite in zinc-deficient rats. Zero, 1.5, 15 and 150 ppm-Zn as (NO3)2 and 150 ppm-Zn as ZnSO4dissolved in 10μl of Ringer solution was injection into the lateral ventricle of zinc-deficient rats indicating low food intake. The central administration of Zn was once a day at 8:00 p.m. the daily food intake was measured during short (3 days) and long (8-11 days) period of the injection. Total food intake and the cyclic alternation of daily food intake in zinc-deficient rats were not recovered by the lateral-ventricular administration of inorganic Zn. The reduced food intake by dietary zinc insufficiency may not depend on the change of extra cellular zinc concentration.

SUMMARY 6

NO	13-6
Theme	亜鉛欠乏時の海馬ならびに嗅球における鉄とｱﾙﾐﾆｳﾑの関連性 The Relationship between Iron and Aluminum of the Hippocampus and Olfactlry Bulb in Zinc Deficiency
Reporter	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Chisato Harada(1), Junko Murata(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Koichi Igura(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)
Position	(1)Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, the University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.23-26
Summary	Zinc deficiency induced several brain lesions such as disturbances and defects of memory, learning and olfactory acuity. In this study, the relationship between these zinc-induced brain lesions and movement of trace elements in the brain was examined. Zinc deficiency induced significant accumulations of iron and aluminum into the hippocampus. Further, aluminum-dust exposure through the nasal mucous membrane under the manifestation of zinc deficiency induced an extreme depletion of iron and an excessive accumulation in the hippocampus. These phenomena were similarly observed in the olfactory bulb. These results showed that zinc deficiency might induce a breakdown of defense systems against aluminum invation with the development of olfactory lesion. Consequently, aluminum might be easily transported to the hippocampus through the olfactory systems such as the nasal mucous membrane and olfactory bulb. Further, these results suggest that there is a competitive reaction between iron and aluminum and that this competition includes a participation of binding substances of iron or aluminum such as transferring and ferritin.

SUMMARY 7

NO	13-7
Theme	高脂肪食投与ラットの脂質代謝に及ぼす短鎖ペプチドとカキ肉エキスの影響 Influence of Oyster Extract and Oligopeptide on the Lipid Metabolism in Rats
Reporter	Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Masahiro Nakatsuka(1), Takao Ohta(1), Chiharu Fujii(2), Yumiko Hino(2), Yuki Ishimoto(2), Junko Kondo(2), Yoriko Nagai(2), Mayumi Uchida(2), Teruko Nakasa(2), Osamu Okinaka(2) and Yukio Shibata(1)
Position	(1)Japan Clinic Co.,Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Faculty of Human Life and Science (3)Nutritional Biochemistry, Doshisha Women's College
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.27-34
Summary	Borep peptide (B) (made from the globin protein of bovine red blood cell) and whey peptide (W) (made from whey protein) have been reported about the function to regulate the fat metabolism. Borep (B) improved the serum triacylglycerol and whey peptide (W) depressed the serum total cholesterol. Taurine in the oyster extract (O) improve the cholesterol metabolism in serum and liver. We have studied about the influence of the oligopeptide (B and W) and oyster extract (O) on the lipid metabolism in rats. Normal diet and high fat diet were fed to 2 groups of Wister male rats. After 4 weeks, the diet of high fat diet group was changed to normal diet (HC group). We added the Borep (B), whey peptide (W) and oyster extract (O) with various combinations to HC diet, i.e. HC, HC+O, HC+B HC+W, HC+O+B and HC+O+B+W groups. After breeding each group for 4 weeks, we took the serum and analyzed the total cholesterol and triacylglycerol of them. Comparing with HC group, total cholesterol (TC) of the HC+W group was slightly decreased and triacylglycerol (TG) of the HC+B group was also slightly decreased in the carotid and peripheral serum. But carotid serum TG of HC+O group significantly decreased, though peripheral serum TC of HC+O slightly decreased. In the liver of HC+O group, TC and TG decreased. Comparing the HC+B group, TC and TG in the carotid and peripheral serum slightly decreased. And in the HC+O+B+W group, carotid TG decreased compared with other groups.

SUMMARY 8

NO	13-8
Theme	カキ中の蝶臨界流動体抽出脂質 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lipid in Oyster
Reporter	Masahiro Nakatsuka, Takao Ohta, Yoshikazu Matsuda, Masahiro Ohkubo and Yukio Shibata
Position	Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.35-41
Summary	Lipids of oyster contain available components such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. But lipid extract by supercritical carbon dioxide method (S.C.E.) is known to be not oxidized and polymerized. S.C.E. does not extract the polar lipids such as triacylglycerol, carbohydrate and free fatty acids. S.C.E. is the safe extraction method, because the S.C.E. extraction does not contain chlorophyll and chlorophyll derivatives, and also the extraction solvent (carbon dioxide) is easily removed from the extract compared with n-hexane method. We have studied about the utilization of S.C.E. in the extraction of oyster lipids. And we analyzed the lipids components to compare the both extraction methods.

SUMMARY 9

NO	13-9
Theme	Protective Effect of Sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride (SQDG) and Taurine Against Lipid Peroxidation
Reporter	T. Yamada, T.Suzuki and K. Takama
Position	Laboratory of Food Wholesomeness, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.43-50
Summary	Euglena gracilis Z grown under light is rich in sulfur-containing lipid, sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride (SQDG). However, the cells grown in the dark and its bleached mutant strain, WMZ that lacks chloroplasts does not accumulate as high SQDG content as E. gracilis Z grown under light. E. gracilis Z as a model of plant cell and E. gracilis SMZ as a model of animal cell were used to examine how they respond to UV-B irradiation stress. Only light-adapted E. gracilis Z was found to keep intracellular hydroperoxides level low even under UV-B exposure. We compared the antioxidative effect of SQDG and Taurine both of which have common chemical structure as sulfonate group. Model experiments were made with water soluble initiator, 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride XXXXXXXXAAPHXXXXXXXXx or UV-B irradiation with a peak at 312 nm in the presence of 3-hydroxykynurenine by using SQDG-embedded multilamellar liposome's or taurine-added liposome. Results showed that both in liposome's containing SQDG or taurine, AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited, but UV-B-induced lipid peroxidation was promoted in the SQDG-containing liposome's. Any significant effect was not recognized in the taurine-containing liposome's. Methylated SQDG also showed the same results as native SQDG, which suggest sulfonate group seems to have something to do with radical scavenging. In chloroplast, SQDG may play as a synergistic role for other antioxidants to prevent peroxidative damage in the light-adapted E. gracilis Z.

SUMMARY 10

NO	13-10
Theme	化学形に依存するアルミニウムの体内分布 Organ Distribution of Aluminum Depend on it's Chemical Form
Reporter	Tadayuki Hino(1), Seiki Fujimoto(1), Nobuyuki Masuyama(1), Yoshiyuki Sano(1), Shigenori Oka(1), Riichi Tawa(1), Jituya Takada(2), Rokuji Matsushita(2), and Hiromu Sakurai(1)
Position	(1)Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (2)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.51-55
Summary	Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, but the behavior of Al in human and other animals are still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Al is incorporated in organs of experimental animals receiving Al compounds. Al was given to animals in the form of ion (Al3+) or its complex (aluminum-maltolate). We used aluminum chloride (AlCl3+·6H2O) in saline solution as aluminum ion and gave it to rats at the age of 5 and 13 weeks by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg Al/kg body weight for 5 days. On the other hand, we used aluminum maltolate (AlM) as an aluminum complex, which was given to mice aged of 6 weeks by oral administration of free access to tap water containing AlM for 90 days. Organ distributions of both Al compounds exhibited similar tendency. Al was mainly accumulated in the liver and spleen. Especially, Al levels of the spleen and liver of animals receiving AlCl3 were significantly higher than those of control animals. But in the kidney no significant difference in Al accumulation was observed. We also found that Al accumulated in the brain domain of young rats who received AlCl3 injection and mice who received daily oral AlM or free access of drinking water containing AlM for a long-term. These results will be important to elucidate the physiological role of Al, in terms of the development of neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease.

SUMMARY 11

NO	13-11
Theme	有機錫による胸腺萎縮とその耐性発現の機序解析 Analysis of the Mechanism for Organotin-Induced Thymus Atrophy and Its Tolerance Manifestation
Reporter	Junko Murata(1), Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)
Position	(1)Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Facalty of Health Science, The University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.57-61
Summary	Dialkyltin compounds such as dibutyltin and dioctyltin induce a severe thymus atrophy and a concurrent cellular immunodeficiency. However, this atrophy is recovered by a long-term exposure (5-8 weeks), that is, a tolerance for the dibutyltin-induced thymus atrophy has become apparent. This tolerance is not due to inducing the generation of degradation enzyme working in the dealkylation of organotins. Rather it appears to be caused by inducing the generation of a dibutyltin-binding substance or an unknown substance which is capable of preventing the dibutyltin-induced suppressive effects, specifically, antiproliferation and death of the thymocytes.

SUMMARY 12

NO	13-12
Theme	有機錫による嗅球障害と嗅球カルシウム過剰蓄積の機序解析 An Excessive Accumulation of Lofactory Calcium and Inhibition of Olfactory Signal Transduction by Organotin Compounds
Reporter	Yasuaki Arakawa(1), Koichi Igura(1), Shoko Yoshinari(1), Yuji Hirano(1), Harunobu Nakashima(2), Sayoko Ohmori(3), Takayuki Takeuchi(4), Yukihiro Nakano(4) and Osamu Wada(5)
Position	(1)Department of hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Shizuoka (2)Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health (3)Ohzuma Women University (4)Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University (5)Saitama Medical College
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.63-67
Summary	Deficiencies and excesses of trace elements induce various kinds of brain lesion. In this study, a tributyltin-induced olfactory lesion (anosmia) was examined by the kinetic analysis of the mechanisms in an excessive accumulation of calcium into the olfactory bulb, an inhibition of olfactory signal transduction and toxic cell death (necrosis or apoptosis). The trialkyltin-induced excessive increase of calcium in the olfactory bulb was associated with an increase of olfactory PTH. Since the IP3 level in the olfactory significantly decreased under the tributyltin exposure, which seems to be a consequence of tributyltin-induced inhibition of PI turnover, the excessive increase of olfactory calcium was not due to an influx of Ca2+ Mediated by IP3 receptor-channel complex from endoplasmic reticulum. The tributyltin-induced excessive increase of olfactory calcium is perhaps caused by an excessive increase in the formation of camp mediated by activation of adenyl cyclase and an excessive influx of extra cellular Ca2+ mediated by camp-activated channels. Moreover, this rapid and excessive increase in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ seems to inhibit CaM kinase �Ufunctions leading to necrosis in vivo or toxic cell death in vitro.

SUMMARY 13

NO	13-13
Theme	棘梨熱水抽出給与がラットのカルシウム吸収・骨代謝に及ぼす影響 Effect of Cili Extract on Calcium Absorption and Bone Metabolism in Rats
Reporter	Miho Hirabayashi(1), Satsuki Hirabara(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Hitoshi Ueki(2) and Hideo Yano(1)
Position	(1)Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University (2)Animate Division, Eisai Co., Ltd.
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.69-73
Summary	To investigate whether cili extract affects calcium absorption, 3-weeks old male Wister rats were fed a diet containing 4.5% cili extract or a control diet. At 23days after the initiation of feeding trial, the animals were subjected to 5-days balance study. At 28days, plasma, small intestine and femur were collected. Transepithelial calcium transport of rats fed cili extract was examined using the everted gut sac procedure, cili extract was considered to promote calcium transport in the upper small intestine and to affect the saturable pathway. Longitudinal growth of femur was significantly (P<0.01) suppressed by cili extract, while specific gravity, density and calcium content were significantly (P<0.05) increased. On the other hand, plasma calcitonin, bone turnover indices ie. tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in femur were not changed by cili extract. These actions of cili extract were similar to those of phytoestrogen.

SUMMARY 15

NO	13-15
Theme	成熟ラットの骨塩代謝に及ぼす食塩過剰摂取と運動の影響 Effects of Sodium Chloride Supplements and Running Exercise on Bone Metabolism in Rats Fed Low Calcium Diet
Reporter	Hanae Yamazaki, Toyoko Okuda, Yohko Sugawa-Katayama
Position	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.81-86
Summary	The effects of dietary supplements of Sodium chloride (8g/100g diet) and voluntary running exercise on bone metabolism were studied in rats fed low calcium diet (0.012% diet). Sodium chloride supplement significantly reduced weight gain. The mean weight of kidney were significantly increased by intake of Sodium chloride. The mean weight of femur and humerus were significantly lower in the group consuming a low calcium diet. The Sodium chloride supplemented rats exhibited a five-to sevenfold increase in urinary calcium excretion, so calcium retention in those groups lost its balance. There were no differences in breaking force of femur between the groups consuming a low calcium diet and control. However, the breaking force of femur in the group that exercised was significantly lower than that in the sedentary group of the low calcium diet. It is suggested that the low calcium intake restricts the bone formation though voluntary exercise rises bone turnover. The results of this study indicate that dietary Sodium chloride mediate bone loss and that sufficient calcium should be supplied during exercise.

SUMMARY 16

NO	13-16
Theme	女子長距離ランナーの鉄欠乏性貧血と亜鉛欠乏性貧血の鑑別 Difference between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Zinc Deficiency Anemia in Female Endurance Runner
Reporter	Soroku Nishiyama(1), Toshiro Nakamura(1), Takeaki Inomoto(2), Yoshio Sawada(2) and Ichiro Matsuda(1)
Position	(1)Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, School of Medical (2)Kumamoto Total Fitness
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.87-91
Summary	Zinc deficiency associated with iron deficiency anemia was first recorded by Prasad in 1961. The precise role of zinc in the hematological abnormalities in man is not certain. Endurance runner have been known to suffered from anemia that simulated iron deficiency anemia. We conducted iron loading test to divide iron deficiency anemia (A group n = 10) from zinc deficiency anemia (B group n = 4). Age and athlete duration in group A and B were 18.6±1.3 years and 22.1±2.2 years, and 2.1±0.4 tears and 7.1±5.2 years, respectively. RBC, Hemoglobin (g/dl) and MCV (fl) in group A and B were 480±30 and 350±13, 9.2±1.8 and 9.8±1.0, and 19.2±2.9 and 23.6±2.23, respectively. Thus, zinc status might partly accounted for hematological abnormality in female endurance runner.

SUMMARY 17

NO	13-17
Theme	急激な運動による血液成分の変化 Effect of strenuous exercise on blood constituent
Reporter	Kenji Fukunaga(1), Munehiro Yoshida(1), Nobuhiro Nishio(2) and Naoki Nakazono(1)
Position	(1)Department of Public Health, Kansai Medical University. (2)Department of Hygiene, Kansai Medical University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.93-97
Summary	We examined the effect of strenuous exercise on blood constituent. Studies were made on healthy 13 members (19-27 years) of the canoe club of Kansai Medical University who participated in summer training camp for 15 days. Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein before and after training camp. After training camp, total protein, albumin and total cholesterol were significantly decreased, and total electrolyte (Na + K + Ca) were not affected. Serum GOT and GPT activities were not change but LDH and CPK activities were significantly increased. Hb and Ht values were significantly decreased and serum Fe level showed a tendency to decreased. Serum Zn level were significantly decreased but Se and Cu level were not changed. Serum antioxidative substance (ascorbic acid and α -tocopherol) levels were significantly decreased, while lipid peroxide level (malondialdehyde) was significantly increased. These data suggest that strenuous exercise can result in a reduction of nutritional status and an induction of oxidative damage.

SUMMARY 18

NO	13-18
Theme	ヒト結腸由来培養細胞におけるミネラルの相互作用 --ヘムオキシゲナーゼの誘導に及ぼす影響-- Heme oxygenase-1 Induction by Exposure to Various Metal Ions: Studies on Interaction of Minerals by Using a Human Intestinal Cell Culture System
Reporter	Yukiko Nakanishi, Chiaki Kobayashi, Sakiyo Yamaoka-Koseki and Kyoden Yasumoto
Position	Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.99-103
Summary	Cells respond to metabolic perturbations by inducing specific stress proteins. Exposure of mammalian cells to oxidative stress induces heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation. The induction of heme oxygenase-1 has been hypothesized to represent a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. The objectives of this study were to characterize the interaction of minerals in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cell line) and to explain the mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 induction by oxidative stress. The induction levels of heme oxygenase-1 depended on chemical forms of iron (hemin > Fe (II) > Fe (III) NTA) in Caco-2. As opposed to hemin, Cu (II) is a weak inducer of heme oxygenase-1. Induction levels of heme oxygenase-1 when Cu (II) coexisted with hemin in the medium was same as when hemin only existed. Although both hemin and arsenate are strong inducers of heme oxygenase-1, the induction level of heme oxygenase-1 when arsenate coexisted with hemin was lower than when hemin or arsenate solely existed. These coexistences of minerals required a lot of time to induce a maximum level of heme oxygenase-1. Although it did not reveal whether generation of hydrogen peroxide by exposure to various minerals in Caco-2 cells initiated to induce heme oxygenase-1, it was demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide remarkably induced heme oxygenase-1. These results suggest dietary minerals affected the mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 induction in intestinal epithelial cells.

SUMMARY 19

NO	13-19
Theme	Participation of Trace-elements in "Function Water" to the restoration of cellular function of Tributyltin chloride intoxicated Euglena fracilis Z
Reporter	Tetsuya Suzuki, Ryo Ikeuchi and Kozo Takama
Position	Laboratory of Food Wholesomeness, Department of Marine Bioresources Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.105-110
Summary	In our previous study it has been reported that either Ca or Mg in the "Function Water" prepared by the treatment with high electric field loading in the presence of charcoal or Al-Fe based ceramics should have participated in the restoration of regeneration of flagellum and motility of tributyltin tin chloride (TBTCl)-intoxicated Euglena gracilis Z. In the present study, the effect of "Function Water" prepared by Al-Fe based ceramics material on the ATPase activity of TBTCl-intoxicated Euglena cells was examined. The "Function Water" was prepared by immersing one piece of alumina-iron (Al-Fe) based ceramic in the ultra-pure water overnight before examining its effect. TBTCl-intoxication on the Euglena cells was brought about by exposing cells (105/ml) to 50 μM of TBTCl for 3 minutes. To examine restoration of motility of TBTCl-intoxicated cells by the "Function Water", the cells were washed and subsequently incubated with the "Function Water". Restoration of the cells was evaluated under the microscope equipped with computer aided image analyzer. Effect of "Function Water" on ATPase activity was evaluated by radio-assay using 32P-labelled ATP and E. gracilis Z homogenate prepared from TBTCl- intoxicated Euglena cells or non-intoxicated cells. Exposure of 50 μM TBTCl to Euglena cells for 3 minutes inhibited ATPase activity by ca. 40%, and incubation of the cells in Al-Fe ceramics treated water definitely recovered ATPase activity 90% of the control activity in 4 hours. However, the "Function Water" which was treated which either EGTA or Chelex 100 to trap minerals did not show any restoration effect at all, indicating that minerals should have participated in its restoration. Since treatment with Desferal (deferoxamine) specific to iron chelating did not affect the restoration effect so much, the effect of the Al-Fe based ceramics treated water should not be due to iron but either Ca or Mg.

SUMMARY 20

NO	13-20
Theme	ｻﾗﾌﾞﾚｯﾄﾞ種ｳﾏの乳中および血清中の微量元素濃度 Trace Mineral Contents in Milk and Serum of Thoroughbred Horses
Reporter	Yuko Murakami(1), Tohru Matsui(1), Hideo Yano(1), Tomoko Osawa(2), Yo Asai(2) and Akira Matsui(2)
Position	(1)Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University. (2)Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.111-115
Summary	A main nutrient source for foals before initiation of creep feeding or weaning is mare's milk. The epiphysitis in nursing foals has been frequently found in Hidaka district of Hokkaido Island. The incidence of the epiphysitis is thought to be due to rapid growth, imbalance of mineral intake, or deficiencies for Zn and Cu intake. The purpose of the present experiment is to clarify the intakes of trace minerals and nutritional status in mares and their suckling foals in Hidaka district. Cu and Zn contents in milk were continuously decreased after parturition, which induced the lower intake of these minerals in their foals. Serum Cu concentrations were not changed after parturition in mares, and the levels were within a normal range. Serum Cu concentrations were abnormally low in foals in 1 week after birth but recovered to the normal level in 3 week. Serum Zn concentrations were lower than the normal level in mares and their foals through the experimental period. These results suggested that mares and foals became Zn deficiency in this area. Zn deficiency induced by low Zn concentration in milk might cause the epiphysitis of foals.

SUMMARY 21

NO	13-21
Theme	Protocols for Selenium Biochemistry
Reporter	Takashi Tamura(1), Kenji Inagaki(1), Hidehiko Tanaka(1), Joe N. Davis(2), and Thressa C.Stadtman(2)
Position	(1)Department of Biosources Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University (2)Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.117-122X
Summary	Selenium, an essential trace element for mammals, birds, fishes, amphibia and some bacteria, shows various remarkable biological effects, and it is definitely required in various metabolic systems such as antioxidative defense systems, hormone regulated biosynthesis, constituents of muscle and anaerobic redox catalysis. The biological significance of selenium may be related to the unique functions of various selenoproteins which contain a selenocysteine residue as an integral part of their active site. Glutathione peroxidase is one of the most extensively studied selenoenzymes, and its catalysis is closely related to the antioxidative effects of selenium. However, glutathione peroxidase and other known selenoproteins such as iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase cannot explain all the biological effects of selenium. Discovery of a new selenoprotein would give us a significant insight for further understanding the physiological roles of selenium in human health. This article introduces protocol and skills frequently used in selenium biochemistry; the use of selenium-75 in detecting and identifying selenoenzymes, chemical identification of the selenocysteine residue, and precautions in selenoprotein purification.

SUMMARY 22

NO	13-22
Theme	食環境因子による脳神経シナプスでのガングリオシド変化 Alteration of Ganglioside at the Synapse of Central Nervous System through Nutritional Behavior
Reporter	Tatsuo Ido(1), Kaori Suzuki(1), Yoshihito Funaki(1), Mieko Kawamura(2) and Shuichi Kimura(3)
Position	(1)Cyclotron and Radioisotope center, Tohoku University (2)Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University (3)Graduate School, Showa Women's University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.123-128
Summary	Gangliosides compromise a family of acidic glycolipids that are characterized by the presence of sialic acid on the terminal carbohydrate portion. The localization of gangliosides is very high in a synapse membrane, amounting to 10% of total lipids in a nerve cell. In the neurotransmission system gangliosides may act together with neuroreceptor and interact with a neurotransmitter. It have been observed that a conformational change of gangliosides through acute or chronic administration of ethanol result in the degeneration of neurotransmission function. In this study, the effects of ascorbic acid deficiency, zinc deficiency and injection of ibotenic acid into olfactory bulb on the behavior of gangliosides at synapse in hippocampus were determined by HPLC and or in vivo micro dialysis technique with radioactive tracer. In the rat fed the ascorbic acid deficient diet for 3 weeks, the sialic acid originated from ganglioside (GSA) was decreased in hippocampus but no significant difference was observed in other parts of brain. In the rat fed the zinc deficient diet for 6 weeks, the sialic acid originated from sialoglycoconjugates (TSA) was decreased in hippocampus and striatum but no changes were observed from GSA. The amount of GSA in rat hippocampus under the effect of ibotenic acid injected (20 nmol) into olfactory bulb was increased on 4-day and recovered on 7-day. The sialic acid released from sialoconjugate on the synapse membrane of hippocampus by neurominidase (30 mUnit) in vivo was 1.8 times more than that of control on 4-day. It was clarified that the deficiency of trace nutrients effects on the amounts of gangliosides in central nerve system and on the function of neurotransmission.

SUMMARY 23

NO	13-23
Theme	キヌレニン、キヌレン酸、キヌレニナーゼについて On the Kynurenine, Kynurenic acid and Kynureninase
Reporter	Yukio Shibata(1), Yoshikazu Matsuda(1), Tomoyuki Shindo(1), Takao Ohta(1), Masahiro Nakatsuka(1) and Hiroshi Ishizu(2)
Position	(1)Japan Clinic Co., Ltd., Central Research Institute (2)Ueki Hospital
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.129-134
Summary	In 1925, Matsuoka and Yoshimatsu reported about the new metabolite of Trp, which was named as Kynurenin by Prof. Yashiro Kotake. And also the decomposed enzyme of Kynurenin was named as kynureninase. The Kynureninase is a B6 related enzyme, in which enzyme activity of the liver decreased in experimental DM rats. In 1995, Takeuchi, Shibata et al. defined the primary structure of this enzyme protein, and its active center is similar to those of cystathionine synthase and lyase. Both decreased enzyme activity and diabetic conditions were recovered by taurine (intermedial metabolite of Met. or Cys) administration.

SUMMARY 24

NO	13-24
Theme	チェリートマトの精製レクチンの糖鎖結合特異性と抗体を利用した組織化学的研究 Carbohydrate-binding Properties of the Purified Cherry Tomato (Lycopersion esculentum var. Cherry) and Immunohistochemical Application
Reporter	Keiko Saito(1), Hiromi Yagi(1), Noriko Nakano(1), Mariko Kakuta(2) and Akira Misaki(2)
Position	(1)Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University (2)Konan Women's University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.135-143
Summary	A blood group non-specific hemagglutinin which recognized N-acetyl chitosaccharides was isolated from the homogenate of cherry tomato Lycopersion esculentumvar. Cherry), which showed the highest hemagglutinating activity among genetically diverse 28 kinds of tomatoes, by conventional ion exchange chromatographic technique, and also by affinity chromatography on a chitin column. The purified cherry tomato lectin (LEcA) was a hydroxyproline-rich single polypeptide glycoprotein (Mr 100,000), containing 50% carbohydrate moiety (94% L-arabinose and 4% D-galactose). The carbohydrate-binding specificity of the purified lectin was studied by quantitative precipitation and hapten inhibition assay. This lectin was highly specific to β (1→4) -linked N-acetyl glucosaminyl units. It strongly reacted with thyroglobulin on GLISA (glycoprotein-lectin immunosorbent assay) was inhibited by N-acetyl-chitosaccharides, in order, [GlcNAc]5 > [GlcNAc]4 >[GlcNAc]3 > [GlcNAc]2, having approximately 194-times, 32-times and 5-times greater potency, respectively, than [GlcNAc]2. The periodate-oxidized and reduced derivative of [GlcNAc]4 and [GlcNAc]5 were also good inhibitors, which showed similar inhibitory potency as the intact [GlcNAc]2 and [GlcNAc]3, respectively, strongly suggesting that LEcA recognizes internal N-acetyl-chitosaccharide sequence. Although, LEcA showed non-inhibitory activity for sugar-hydrolytic enzymes from animal digestive tract, LEcA appeared to inhibit the active transport of sugar to some extent, on the epidermal membrane of rat small intestinal, as examined by using the everted sac. The histochemical study by immunostaining using anti- LEcA antibodies visualized the localization of the lectin on the rat brush-border membrane. This strongly suggested the cherry tomato lectin can bind to either the intestinal epidermal cell surface or the secreted glycoprotein which contain β (1→4) -linked N-acetyl-glucosaminyl sugar chains although it may not affect to the nutritional function.

SUMMARY 25

NO	13-25
Theme	培養肝細胞に対する7-ketocholesterol の細胞毒性とビタミンE による保護機構 Cytotoxicity of 7-Ketocholesterol on Cultured Rat Hepatocytes and Cytoprotection by Vitamin E
Reporter	Kimiko Ohtani, Kaoru Miyabara, Emi Okamoto and Isao Matsui-Yuasa
Position	Faculty of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.145-149
Summary	The effects of 7-ketocholesterol on rat hepatocytes prepared by collagenase perfusion were examined. The addition of 7-ketocholesterol to the culture medium increased the relative ratio of total sterol to phospholipid of hepatocytes significantly in a time-dependent manner without changing the phospholipid content. And vitamin E suppressed the incorporation of 7-ketocholesterol into hepatocytes significantly. Although hepatocytes treated with 7-ketocholesterol produced a larger amount of O2- at the early stage of incubation than those treated with cholesterol, lipid peroxidation was not observed. When hepatocytes were treated with 7-ketocholesterol, vitamin E might prevent the hepatocytes from cell death not only by suppressing the incorporation of 7-ketocholesterol into hepatocytes but by scavenging O2-.

SUMMARY 26

NO	13-26
Theme	マウス脾細胞の機能と食餌タンパク質 The Effect of Dietary Protein on Mitogen Response of Splenocytes in C57BL/6 Mice
Reporter	Yu Hosokawa(1), Nobuyo Tsuboyama(2), Tomiko Yoshihara(3), Ritsuko Masuyama(1), Masayuki Totani(1)
Position	(1)Division of Maternal and Child Health Science, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition (2)Department of Chemistry, Kochi Medical School (3)School of Home Economics, Tokyo Kasei University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.151-156
Summary	We first studied the effect of dietary protein concentration on immune responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice by measuring the proliferation response of splenocytes to mitogens. We used egg protein (PEP) as a protein source in diet, since PEP contains essential amino acids in good balance. The response of splenocytes to LPS, which is a B-cell specific mitogen, in mice fed on 2% protein diet was significantly lower than those in mice fed on each for 5% or 10% protein diet. While, the response of splenocytes to Con A, which is a T-cell specific mitogen, was unaffected by dietary protein restriction. Next, we studied the effect of dietary protein type on immune responsiveness in relation to its sulfur amino acid concentration. The response of splenocytes to Con A in mice fed on 10% lactalbumin diet was significantly lower than those of mice fed on each of 10% soy protein (SPI), gluten, casein or PEP diet, the response to Con A of splenocytes in SPI and gluten diet. The response to Con A of splenocytes in SPI and gluten diet groups were also slightly lower than those of casein and PEP diet groups. However, the response of splenocytes to LPS was unchanged by dietary protein type. In addition, the response of splenocytes to Con A in SPI diet group was significantly increased by the supplement with L-methionine in the diet, which is a first limiting amino acid of SPI and casein. The response of splenocytes to Con A in casein diet group was also marginally increased, while, that of gluten diet group did not changed by L-methionine supplement. These results suggest that the immune response in T-cell may be in part controlled by the availability of sulfur amino acid from diet. However, the reason why the splenocytes in lactalbumin diet group shows low responsibility to Con A is uncertain.

SUMMARY 27

NO	13-27
Theme	マクロファージに対する微量元素の作用 Effects of Inorganic Ion Dependent-Correlation between the Insulin-Mimetic Activity and Nitric Oxide Production from Macrophages
Reporter	Akihiro Tsuji, Hideyuki Tamura, Seiki Fujimoto and Hiromu Sakurai
Position	Department of analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.157-160
Summary	Nitric oxide (NO) production from macrophages has been proposed to mediate the destruction of islet B-cell. Recently, we found that vanadium suppresses NO production from macrophages in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Then, we examined whether inorganic ions with insulin-mimetic activity such as Hg (II), Cd (II), Se (IV), V (III), V(IV), Zn (II) and Mn (II) suppress NO production from macrophages. Does-dependent inhibitory effects of these elements for NO production were observed, being in the following order: Hg (II) > Cd(II) > Se (IV) > V (III) > V(IV) > Zn (II) > Mn (II). To evaluate the insulin-mimetic activity of these ions, we examined the inhibitory effects of FFA release fro adipocytes at the concentration of 1mM of the ions. The inhibitory activity of FFA release from adipocytes was found to be in the order of Hg (II) > Cd(II) > Se (IV) > V (III) > V(IV) > Zn (II) > Mn (II). A correlation between inhibitory activity of FFA release and that of NO production was observed. This finding suggests that insulin-mimetic effects of these ions depend partially on the inhibition of NO production in adipocytes.

SUMMARY 28

NO	13-28
Theme	海洋生物由来有機ヒ素化合物のマクロファージに及ぼす影響 Effect of Organic Arsenic Compounds in Marine Organisms on Marine Macrophages
Reporter	Teruaki Sakurai, Toshikazu Kaise and Chiyo Matsubara
Position	Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
Volume	The 13th Symposium on Trace Nutrients Research(1996)
P	P.161-164
Summary	In the present study, we demonstrated the immunotoxic effects of organic arsenic compounds in marine animals, such as arsenosugar (AsSug), arsenocholine (AsCho), arsenobetaine (AsBe) and tetramethylarsonium ion (TetMA) on marine principal immune effector cell, peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs), comparing with the effects of inorganic arsenical, arsenite, in vivo. Arsenite was strongly and equally toxic for both PMs and AMs, and the concentration of arsenite that decreased the number of surviving cell to 50% of that in untreated controls (IC50) was 5 μM. Dimethyl arsenic compound in seaweed, AsSug, was weakly but significantly toxic only for AMs (IC50=8mM) and it actually enhanced viability of PMs to 1.5 times the control. In contrast, trimethyl and tetramethyl arsenic compounds in marine animals, AsCho, AsBe and TetMA, was less toxic even at the concentration over 10mM on both PMs and AMs.

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